Examine Pushkin’s Use of the Supernatural in ‘Pikovaia Dama’

Examine Pushkin’s use of the supernatural in ‘Pikovaia dama’ (‘The Queen of Spades’). To what extent could this text be described as a ‘ghost story’? The first setting is a card party hosted by Narumov of the Horse Guards. Hermann the young engineer was always watching the others play until the early hours of the morning but had never actually partaken in the card game himself. Tomsky starts to talk about his grandmother, Countess Anna Fedotovna. All the others listen eagerly while he tells a story about his grandmother’s gambling sixty years ago in Paris. She had lost a large sum playing the card game Faro.When her husband refused to pay off her debts, which she could not do so herself she has to look elsewhere for the money. Tomsky goes on to tell of his grandmother’s acquaintance with a man named Count de Saint-Germain, â€Å"the subject of so many weird and wonderful tales†. One of those tales mentioned in the nov ella is that he was the inventor of the elixir of life. A potion which could be used to bring eternal life to whoever drank it. This is the first sign of the supernatural in the story. Pushkin by no means shows any feeling of the tales of Count de Saint-Germain to be true.It is actually quite the contrary as Tomsky starts off by saying â€Å"You know he passed himself off as the†¦ † indicating that he was trying to convince people he was but in actual fact very few believed him. Also the use of â€Å"and so forth† indicates he is getting bored of listing these ‘wonderful’ tales about the Count. He then goes on to say that people used to ridicule him. For all the Count’s mysteriousness he was though a very wealthy man. The Countess requested to meet with him in the hope that he would pay off her debts out of the kindness of his heart.After all, that kind of money would not even make a small dent in the Count’s wallet. After pondering her proposal he said â€Å"I can accommodate you as far as the sum of money goes, but I know you would be at ease until you had repaid me, and I would not wish to encumber you with fresh worries†. Instead he wanted to give her a secret which would allow her to win all her money back. By now all the guests at the card party were listening intently. The countess turned up at a card game the same evening the Count had given her the secret.Playing Faro, the same game they themselves were playing at the part, the Countess selected three cards. All three cards won, coming up one after another and she had recouped all of her losses. There was a very sceptical reaction to the story. One said â€Å"Pure luck! † and Hermann remarked â€Å"A tall story†. Tomsky also tell of his grandmother passing down the secret once to a young man she took pity on. He also won with all three cards. Without calculating the odds it is fair to say that Pushkin is not expecting us to believe tha t these sequences have occurred twice out of pure luck.Therefore it is up to the reader to decide in this situation if the tale of the magical secret should be believed. It is not being told from the narrator’s point of view but instead from Tomsky’s. It could be perceived as being no more than a drunken story made up in a bar to impress a few friends and acquaintances. The next time Pushkin presents with something of the supernatural is much later on in the story in chapter five. Since the time that Tomsky had told the story of his ageing grandmother’s secret, the young engineer, Hermann, had become obsessed with the notion.In trying to obtain the secret from the Countess he had accidentally killed her. Three days after that night he had decided to attend the funeral at a local monastery. After the oration at a full church the relatives were first to go up and take leave of the body. Then it was the turn of all other guests wanting to pay their respects. After many had gone it came to the turn of Hermann who was feeling no real remorse for killing the old lady. â€Å"He bowed to the ground and lay for several moments on the cold floor, strewn with fir-twigs.At length he rose, pale as the corpse itself, ascended the steps of the catafalque and bent down. †¦ At that moment it seemed to him that the deceased gave him a mocking glance and winked an eye. Hermann in hastily recoiling missed his footing and crashed faced upwards to the ground. He was helped to his feet†. The way Pushkin says in this paragraph â€Å"it seemed to him† almost implies that it did not actually happen at all and that it was only in Hermann’s imagination. This could be a as a result of guilt Hermann may feel for killing the old lady or could even be a sign that Hermann is going mad.Later that evening Hermann went to an inn and drank a fair amount of wine, which was very uncharacteristic for him. On arriving home he jumped straight into bed ful ly clothed and fell sound asleep. In the middle of the night he woke up because of the moonlight flooding his room. â€Å"At that moment someone peeped in at his window from the Street and immediately walked away. Hermann did not pay the slightest attention to this. A minute later he heard the door of the next room being opened. Hermann thought that it was his orderly, drunk as usual, coming home from a night walk.But he heard an unfamiliar footstep: someone was softly shuffling along in slippers. The door opened: a woman in a white dress came in. Hermann took her for his old nurse and wondered what could have brought her at such an hour. But gliding across the floor the white woman suddenly stood before him—and Hermann recognized the Countess! † â€Å"I have come to you against my will,' she said in a clear voice, ‘ but I am commanded to grant your request. Three, seven, and ace will win for you in succession, provided that you stake only one card each day and never in your life play again.I forgive you my death, on condition that you marry my ward, Lizaveta Ivanovna. . . .† Hermann was the only one to see this, his orderly remain asleep throughout the whole episode. Once again the element of supernatural is only witnessed by Hermann. On top of this he has been drinking heavily which Pushkin could have pointed out to lead us to believe that is was all in Hermann’s mind. With the three cards Hermann believed the Countess told him engraved in his mind he made his way to a card game in Petersburg. Hermann placed an extremely high stake on the first card, higher than the table had ever seen before.The dealer dealt and a three turned up on the left, a win for Hermann. The next evening he was back and placed even higher stakes on the seven card, another win. The next evening Hermann was back once again and everybody was gathered around the table in excitement. Hermann of course choosing ace as the Countess had told him. Tchekalinsk y began dealing; his hands trembled. A queen fell on the right, an ace on the left. ‘The ace has won! ‘ Hermann said, and showed his card. ‘Your queen has lost,' Tchekalinsky said kindly. Hermann shuddered; in fact, instead of an ace there lay before him a Queen of Spades.He could not believe his eyes or think how he could have made a mistake. At that moment it seemed to him that the Queen of Spades screwed up her eyes and gave a meaning smile. He was struck by the extraordinary likeness. . . .'The old woman! ‘ he cried in terror. On this occasion we can be sure that it’s all in Hermann’s mind as all the other players and spectators clearly see a different card to the one that Hermann is seeing. It also adds to the theory that Hermann was slowly losing his mind throughout the story with him finally being admitted to a mental hospital in the novella’s conclusion.In my opinion I think it would definitely be possible to label The Queen of Sp ades as a ghost story on the premise that the main character, Hermann, believes he sees a ghost. At the same time Pushkin seems to go out of his way to give us a logical reason for all of the supernatural occurrences in the story, whether it be alcohol, dreams, guilt or just simply hallucinations. There are also so many different layers to the story that labelling it a ghost story would omit so many other possible labels. Garry Evans

The Highland Towers Collapse and Ramp Construction

Introduction The intent of this essay is to happen out from a field, a edifice that experienced building calamity, analyze its short approachs and come up with solutions and recommendations of what could be done to guarantee the same job doesn’t happen in the hereafter. The edifice upon which the R esearch is based in this assignment is called the Highland tower, a edifice in Selangor Malaysia which collapsed and 48 people died and 12 others were evacuated from the other edifice. The Highland Towers prostration was an flat edifice prostration that occurred on 11 December 1993 in Taman Hillview, Ulu Klang, Selangor, Malaysia. The prostration of Block One of the flats caused the deceases of 48 people and led to the complete emptying of the staying two blocks due to safety concern. It was one of the most tragic edifice accidents in Malayan history where residential towers collapsed and killed people. Since so, the authorities and its subordinates sat down in a commission to see a manner forward for the building industry particularly building in hilly countries to minimise casualties. The event has been widely publicized, when an American tourer in peculiar because it is captured in the following 10 yearss and taken to the Tower of exposure a dramatic sequence, and brainsick deliverance operations. Building professionals with the instance of several of import influence in Malaysia, which will be the focal point of this paper, but besides lead to tort jurisprudence in Malaysia interesting development and elucidation. Case survey Highland Towers consists of three 12-storey edifices in a steep hill, was later extensively on the patios in the early 1980s in western base built in phases between 1974 to 1982. Each block is named: Block1 ( built in 1977, the most southern ) Block2 ( built in 1979, north-west block 1, somewhat elevated than the other two, the closer to the top of the hill ) Block3 ( built in 1981, the Northwest block 1, block West 2 ) . Parking behind the mountain rain collapsed edifice in the swimming pool located on both sides and the rear between Northwest Northeast parking batch after the landslide caused by the failure of the retaining wall behind the edifice failed, for 10 yearss. The tower is home to the flush middle-class households ; considerable proportion of occupants are exiles. Highland Tower was one time ill-famed early 1980s and 1990s for affluent people to conceal their kept woman popular topographic point. The H2O tower is behind a little watercourse known as the â€Å" East Creek. † Eastern Creek flows into the tower site tower â€Å" before building. Later, construct a grapevine system to deviate flow to short-circuit the tower in 1991, a new lodging development undertaking, called † Wu Antarabangsa Development Project â€Å" , located in the tower Peak behind the start. As a consequence, the mountain has been cleared of trees and other flora and land screen, soil eroding exposed la nd, which will take to set down slides from the building site of the H2O diverted into the river to deviate the flow of the same East piping systems. finally, the grapevine system to go over- pressurized H2O, sand and silt from the Eastern Creek and the building site. pipe explosion at different locations in the mountains, the dirt had to absorb extra wet. December 1993 monsoon rains further declining the state of affairs. ( Block One of the Highland Towers collapsed ) Role and duties The Architect ( I ) there is no defence of this contact is a limited one, at least you must guarantee that other facets of the work of others is competent to finish. Defensive designer, he merely retained the design and supervising of three flat edifices, and denied that his scope extends to the drainage, earthworks and retaining walls. It was dismissed by that tribunal. The tribunal held that the designer must take into history the edifice on which is built in the locality of the land, and the land itself, the safety appraisal of the edifice, it must be evaluated. [ In add-on, the tribunal held that as a affair of fact, the designer concerned about the vicinity and the edifice itself, when he submitted the layout program, the governments because it includes high tower behind the incline patios and drainage. Therefore, he must guarantee that the work carried out although others in a competent and workmanlike mode ] ( Ii ) there is no difference between the standard attention of unqualified physicians Although the designer in world merely a edifice draughtsman, measure their behaviour on the tribunal has the ability to architect a criterion that if a individual is unqualified, but showed himself to hold a accomplishment, he will be judged by the criterion a competent and qualified staff. ( C ) there is no alibi to state that mandatory employer does non follow with ordinances Finally, the Court seems to hold categorically rejected the designer ‘s alibi that he can non make anything to halt his foreman ( employers and applied scientists in obtaining certifications of fittingness in three flat edifices do non carry through the conditions stipulated by the local governments in collusion background, alternatively of patios and retaining walls to guarantee proper design, provide and sufficient to defy, even though he knew it would impact the edifice, he was in charge ) incline instability – the Court has made clear that, when the jurisprudence is broken, the designer must describe to the governments – after the designer must guarantee that the jurisprudence, even in the hazard of being discharged. Engineer Defense applied scientist, he merely retained the design and supervising of three flat edifices, Highland Towers compound constructions within two retaining walls, and submit programs, drainage, and two and denied his scope extends to the drainage, earthworks. It was dismissed by that tribunal. The tribunal found that applied scientists must take into history the edifice on which is built in the locality of the land, and the land itself, the clip to measure the safety of edifices, must be evaluated. He should guarantee the stableness of the incline behind Highland Towers. His responsibilities non by a mere belief that they are built on terraced inclines and retaining walls were discharged by an applied scientist or other adviser. He should inquire the professional is qualified, whether he was making what impact the safety of cascading tower. [ Neglect other facets of applied scientists – a serious misdemeanor of the governments to take attention of his duties to a presentment issued by the purchaser, and merely 10 per centum is based on the sanctioned drainage building ] In drumhead locations near edifice professionals need to be considered, every bit good as the safety appraisal of the site itself, particularly taking into history the next hillside. Building professionals to take part in a limited scope can non conceal behind, these are the things that they themselves and their employers, but they may be capable to the responsibilities owed to the range of their service is non limited to this. Building professionals required to guarantee that others do the work to prosecute them in the design may impact / supervisory construction is competent, workmanlike mode to transport out the work. If you think the general edifice professionals have expertise in a specific country of aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹eligibility when they are unqualified, their behaviour will be a step of this expertness qualified physician. After constructing professionals must guarantee that jurisprudence and, if necessary to describe to the governments if their clients interrupt the jurisprudence, even in danger by their client to be discharged. Case application on jurisprudence of civil wrong Negligence The Highland Towers determination becomes another Malayan High Court determination which diverges from the attack of the English Courts and adopts the attack taken by other Commonwealth legal powers in leting the recovery of â€Å"pure economic loss† , particularly where sufficient propinquity can be demonstrated between the negligent act and the loss. Pure economic loss is the loss related to the merchandise itself which is faulty by ground of carelessness, as opposed to the loss or harm caused to the belongings of the Plaintiff by this faulty merchandise. Nuisance In this cause of action, a Defendant is apt if the Plaintiff can demo the Defendant is responsible for a status or activity which interferes with usage or enjoyment of his land, and that status or activity is non a sensible user by the Defendant. The Highland Towers determination, necessitating the complainant must set up an extra demand that is the type of harm whether the suspect could moderately foreseeable, the rules adopted from English instance jurisprudence on the extension of the perturbation is limited in Malaysia, Cambridge Water Company leather Co. Ltd. v. Eastern European states. Cause of structural failure The H2O tower is behind a little watercourse known as the â€Å" East Creek. † Eastern Creek flows into the tower site tower â€Å" before building, so the constitution of the grapevine system is to deviate the flow to short-circuit the tower. In 1991, a new lodging development undertaking, called ‘Bukit Antarabangsa Development Project ‘ , located in the tower under building behind the top of the hill. The mountain is cleared of trees and other flora and land screen, land exposed dirt eroding is a major factor doing landslides. Construction site of the new H2O diverted into the bing grapevine systems used to reassign the East river flows. This heavy-duty piping and H2O, sand and silt from the river and E into the grapevine building site. Pipes burst, several topographic points in the mountains, and the environing dirt to absorb extra wet. December 1993 monsoon rains farther impairment of the state of affairs. The H2O content in the dirt becomes ace saturated, so that the dirt has become syrupy, really go the grade of clay. October 1992 by the hillside is saturated with H2O, the H2O is fluxing down the inclines and considered retaining walls. Shortly thenceforth, landslides, destructing the building of a retaining wall. Landslide mud that contains an estimated one hundred 1000 square metres – a mass equivalent to 200 Boeing 747 aircraft. Rammed earth base to first, bit by bit forcing it frontward. After a month of this changeless force per unit area, foundations snapped and November 1993, the occupants began to see clefts organizing and spread outing the Highlandss environing the tower, on the route warning of prostration. Unfortunately, no farther probe before a prostration December 11, 1993. Safety governments and Investigation processs. These were the findings of the probe that came from the accident. Besides bespeaking who was to fault for the happening of the accident. Within the first 24 hours, merely two adult females and an baby were pulled out of the debris. Indonesian amah Umi Rashidah Khoruman, 22, and her 18-month old girl Nur Hamidah Najib, survived the ordeal, but the 2nd adult female, Nipponese national Shizue Nakajima, 50, succumbed to her hurts. Concluding study from the probes showed that It was the mistake of the belongings proprietors non to run out the land that caused the silt to construct and therefore the monolithic land slide that led to the prostration of the construction that claimed 48 lives. Liabilitiess. The followers are the tribunal ‘s findings of liability: The first suspect was negligent in presuming duty non to prosecute a qualified designer, edifice patios insufficient, inadequate, could moderately be expected to hold caused the prostration of the retaining walls and drains eastbound recreation from its natural class and failed to guarantee that the incline is equal H2O pipe culverts, and detest non maintained drains and retaining walls. The 2nd suspect ( the designer ) is assumed liability for carelessness does non guarantee equal drainage and retaining walls built in the next Highlandss tower site, which he foresaw or should hold foreseen that the edifice would jeopardize the hillside, he is responsible for, non specified with the governments on drainage, and the first suspect and the 3rd suspect ( applied scientists ) collude to acquire fitness certification does non carry through the conditions by the 4th suspect ( local governments ) are required, in making so does non follow with his responsibilities, the designer and no probe retaining walls, even though he knew they would impact the terraced hillsides and building of edifices, he was responsible for, and hatred, because he is an unreasonable land users. The 3rd suspect ( applied scientist ) is behind the carelessness of duty without sing the hillside or incline of the tower, there is no footing for the design and building to suit sidelong burden or instead landslide has ensured that the next incline stableness, without execution of the sanctioned drainage program, and the first and 2nd suspects colluded to acquire fitness certification does non carry through the conditions stipulated by the 4th suspect and a nuisance, because he is irrational usage of land. The 4th suspect ( local governments ) Although the carelessness of its construction-related occupations. That is about the edifice program blessing procedure to guarantee the execution of the sanctioned building of drainage systems, and in the Certificate of Fitness job remains because S95 Street, Drainage and Building Act ( 2 ) unsusceptibility. The 4th suspect, but a care map Eastern watercourse tardily in carry throughing its building can non be spared for its carelessness. It besides attracted a nuisance liability. The 5th suspect ( Arab – Malayan fiscal BHD ) is apt for the carelessness of failure to keep drains their land, and in the land after the prostration of the steps taken to reconstruct stableness. Seventh suspect ( Metrolux belongings ) and its undertaking director, the 8th suspect, who is the duty of carelessness and nuisance, to forestall H2O from fluxing into the downhill ( into their web site ) , but to steer the watercourse of H2O into the East, when they knew or ought to hold known, this will increase the sum of H2O injected into the clay and, in peculiar, have their ain extended land glade, travel east into the watercourse, it will be deposited, which will in bend ( to turn out ) cause or contribute to drainage mistake system and a prostration. The 9th and 10th suspect ( fundamentally the province authorities ) , found no liability due to a proficient job on the prosecution of a peculiar political party. The 6th suspect ( who carried out the work site clean- Arab – abortion purchaser of land in Malaysia ) found no grounds of duty. Redresss About redresss the first this is happen a qualified contractors and qualified Designer and building applied scientist. In this instance causes of edifice prostration the chief ground is to happen designer contractor caused by the irrational. So we summary have five points: ( I ) Nearby locations edifice professionals need to be considered, every bit good as the safety appraisal of the site itself, particularly taking into history the next hillside. ( Ii ) edifice professionals to take part in a limited scope can non conceal behind, these are things that they themselves and their employers, but they may be capable to the responsibilities owed to the range of their service is non limited to this. ( Iii ) edifice professionals required to guarantee that others do the work may be engaged to oversee their influence in the design / building is competent, will transport out their work, a workmanlike mode. ( Iv ) if the edifice professionals think they have expertise in specific countries when they are unqualified, their behaviour will be a step of this general makings expertise qualified physician. ( V ) building professionals must guarantee that the jurisprudence after a study to the governments if necessary, if their clients interrupt the jurisprudence, even in danger by their client to be discharged. The 2nd thing to make is to guarantee that the experience and expertness to this undertaking. Following to it is to guarantee that all stuffs and constituents to be installed and used in order to prove its functionality and satisfactory conformity with the needed criterions. For illustration ; specific research lab trials should be taken before utilizing compressive strength, stableness and lastingness. Finally, before any portion of the undertaking is complete, responsible for the blessing before its following regulative organic structures should be. The undertaking is a theoretical account for all the points necessary trials, carried out before the existent execution. Engineers can besides utilize the cause of the conditions and other facets of the theoretical account. The 3rd thing is because this state of affairs has occurred for many old ages, although the tribunal has non yet made the determination, but still want to remind contractors, who together oversee project quality, and how to decide some of the hazard about. Do non allow the calamity go on once more. Percentage Frequency of Causes of Building Collapse ( Malaysia 1960-2010 )NOInvestigated causes of edifice prostrationMalayaPercentage ( % )1Structural failure1102Faulty design2203Poor craft1104Substandard stuffs1105Due to environing edifice development2206illegal transition007Inexperience contractor3308Building use00entire10100So in this tabular array we can see Causes of Building Collapse most ground is Inexperience contractor. Now we need clean know find an experient contractor is really of import, faulty design and due to environing edifice development besides account for a big proportion. Recommendations From the above analysis and treatment presented, you can deduce that the chief ground for the edifice ‘s structural failures, design mistakes and hapless craft, which may besides be applicable to other states in the universe. Besides from the consequences of this survey, it is believed that there are three types of claims, can bring forth any edifices collapsed, that contract claims, civil wrong claims and incidents of both contract and civil wrong claims ; This means that a party can be made in this both his / her petition. Therefore, the undermentioned recommendations for who had suffered losingss in the square edifice prostration Events so that their demands: ( I ) The Government shall endeavour to help in the probe of any incidence of edifice prostration, to let victims to cognize the responsible party, and from whom to do a claim. ( two ) The Government should help proprietors or who have suffered the loss of a edifice prostration in the event a 3rd party to prosecute their instances in tribunal as they do their other demands, if they can non, because The expensive nature of the proceedings. ( three ) The Government should ordain Torahs that will better the effectivity and criterions for the building of edifices. ( four ) In add-on, the authorities should supervise, manage and implement the jurisprudence, its effectivity. ( V ) Every edifice proprietor should guarantee that qualified professionals and experient contractors are engaged in transporting out their building procedure. ( six ) Every professional organic structure should supervise their members and besides be ready to punish any error-prone member who ISS found apt in constructing prostration incident. Decision Ramp building led to landslides – like we decidedly hear a batch of intelligence, and landslides claimed more and more of life events, why is everyplace and droping of trees for the building of the activities. Otherwise, this calamity 21 old ages ago can be avoided! I hope the Government will earnestly look at this issue! Mentionshypertext transfer protocol: //malaysiafactbook.com/Highland_Towers_collapsehypertext transfer protocol: //www.nst.com.my/nation/general/i-saw-highland-towers-block-crash-to-

Clinical reflection log 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Operation supply managerment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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The Cold War and The Post-Cold War Periods Essay

The Cold War and The Post-Cold War Periods - Essay Example ost half of the twentieth century caused mutual suspicions, a series of global incidents, and heightened tensions resulted in world’s superpowers involving is disasters. Most Americans claim that it was Ronald Reagan who emphasized the ending of the Cold War. However, many historians point the Soviet Economy as the main factor that led to the end of the Cold War. The Soviet economy stagnated following the expensive race of weaponry. Due to this, Gorbatsjov was forced to change the Soviet economy using his â€Å"perestrojka† policies. This situation caused a definite economic fall. During this time, the Soviets found it difficult to maintain a firm grasp over eastern European satellite states. The policy of Gorbatsjov glasnost caused a lot of strain to the Eastern Europe. Therefore, afterwards, the Berlin Wall came down marking the ending of the Cold War. One of the main challenges that Europe faced after the end of the Cold War was security issues. The security environment of the European countries has been increasingly unstable and uncertain since the year 1989 when the Cold War ended. What is mainly affecting Europe after disintegration of USSR, Csechoslovakia breakup, and Yugoslavia crisis is the unravelling political arrangements that were established after the ending of the First World War (Mearsheimer 23). There are new territorial and ethnic issues that resulted from the Cold War. These issues have caused much destabilization in Europe and undermining efforts of creating new and stable security orders in Europe. Historically, after the end of the Cold War, most European states are unable to solve complex security problems by their own. After numerous enlargements, the Union of Europe currently has twenty seven members who have inevitably turned out to be international players. Additionally, despite the increment of EU and NATO membership, Cold War also brought political differences between Eastern and Western Europe (Phillips 54). On top of these

Laurence Oliviers Hamlet Film Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Laurence Oliviers Hamlet Film - Movie Review Example Discussion: In a chronological approach to the assessment, reviews from 1948 will first be examined. In his New York Times reviews, in September 1948, Bosley Crowther was almost lyrical in his praise. As mentioned earlier, he cited the power of the camera use, as it With regard to the cuts, which included some soliloquies and the characters, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern and Fortinbras, Crowther is dismissive, considering cutting these to be "judicious editing" that "has given much greater clarity to its noted complexities" (1948). It appeared that this reviewer glossed over the Freudian, Oedipal context that many others identified, stating that Although the piece in Variety magazine was less intellectual in content and approach, it did touch on similar thematic aspects. The article, produced by Variety Staff, was completely positive and celebrated everything about the film. The cuts were dismissed as: Again, the review did not linger on the Oedipal content, emphasizing the concept, taken from the opening voice-over, of "the tragedy of a man who couldn't make up his mind" (Olivier, 1948) The camera work was given praise and importance, as "deep-focus photography" and "bold crane-shots" that speed the action and give "grandeur and spaciousness" (Variety, 1948) Olivier's own thoughts and explanations were published as extracts from his book, "Hamlet: The Film and the Play", in September 1948 in the New York Times. He justified the cuts on the basis that the play "is very seldom played in its entirety, even on the stage." (Olivier, 1948). While he accepted that many Shakespeare purists might and did object, he had a valid point that needs to be included here. By creating a cinematic representation, he intended to make Shakespeare accessible to all. "But think for a moment of the audience reached by the film, who never go to a theatre.." (Olivier, 1948) His comments on the power of the camera to "nose into corners and magnify details that escape notice or pass muster on the stage," echoed the views expressed in the reviews discussed here. His thoughts are included here, not only to illustrate his motives, but also to underline that his intentions seemed to have succeeded, judging by the responses at the time. Recent reviews, arising from the re-issue of the film on DVD in 2000, carry the same positive responses and echo the themes identified so long ago. This would suggest that the film has the enduring power of the classic, a description fully deserved. In an email thread that reiterates this contention, Brian

Criminal Liability Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal Liability - Coursework Example The paper tells that criminal law is a body of statutes and rules that deals with crimes and their punishment; the law defines conduct that is prohibited because it can harm, endanger or threaten the welfare and safety of the public. Fitzerald is aged 13 years and is engaging in behaviours that can threaten public safety; he threw stones at passing car and it hit Gordon’s car and severely injured Gordon. In the second instance, he threw a stone at Dan but missed him and hit John instead. In advising Fitzerald, I will tell him the following legal facts relating to his behaviour; one, under UK law, age 13 years (his age) is under the age of criminal responsibility. Therefore, his behaviour should not be based on the assumption that because he considers himself a child he cannot be found guilty of a crime. As a matter of fact, within England and Wales, a child over the age of 10 years is considered to be responsible for crime as a result of their actions and should face legal con sequences if found guilty. Children below the age of ten years are considered doli incapax and are therefore not capable of forming criminal intent. The law assumes that children under the age of 10 years do not adequately understand differences between right and wrong acts and cannot be responsible for their actions. But children over 10 years are assumed to understand this difference just like adults and can be tried for their actions which may be deemed to amount to a crime. In addition, I will advise Fitzerald on what constitutes a crime according to the law. Glazebrook (2011, p. 49) explains that a person can be found guilty of a crime if it can be proven that that person had intended to commit the act before. Secondly, a crime can be committed through reckless actions of a person; that is, a person not caring about the consequences of his or her actions. Therefore, in Fitzerald situation it is clear that he can be accused from the two perspectives of what constitute a crime. F or example, in the first instance where he was throwing stones at passing cars, it can be said he did that with an intention to harm motorists or he was simply reckless and did care about the consequences of his actions. In the second instance, he had intention to hit Dan but he missed and hit John instead. In both instances, his actions can cause harm to the public and threatens public safety as well. Without doubt his actions which can be supported by substantial evidence in the court of law can result to him being charged and convicted. I will let him know what will inform the decision to convict him in court; one of the major reasons will be retribution which will make him ‘suffer’ in some way as a punishment of harming and making others suffer due to his actions (Mitchell and Farrar, 2008, p. 70). The second reason for his punishment will be rehabilitation. Law Library of Congress (2011) notes that the main aim of punishing criminal offenders especially children is to transform them into members of society who are valuable and can coexist peacefully with others. I will tell him that rehabilitation will aim at preventing future offense through convincing him that his conduct was wrong. Thus, in the light of the legal facts that I will have given to him, I will advise him to desist from such acts in the future to avoid being arrested. Instead, he should divert his time and energy to more constructive activities such as reading. Q2: A’s Criminal Liability and B’s Possible Legal Position Considering the circumstances surrounding the incident involving person A and B, A is not criminally liable for his actions because the intent to cause